For more than 20 years, Krah pipes come with a possible integrated electro-fusion joint. This technology is used very successfully worldwide.

The idea was to supply a pipe with socket and spigot (known from the concrete pipes) and at the same time to use the advantage of the Polyethylene material – the possibility of welding. In the old days, Polyethylene pipes were mainly jointed by butt-fusion, this technology came with high costs of jointing equipment and a good training before jointing. The butt-fusion was mainly designed for pressure pipes and solid wall pipe structures. The integrated electro- fusion joint was designed to be used by a regular construction worker at the construction site. The joint should provide a tough, rough system and the tolerances of the pipes (especial the large ones) should be taken. The pipe tolerances of the spigot and socket should be big enough for easily inserting the spigot in the socket and narrow enough to provide a good fusion surface. Further it was important that the stiffness of the joint is high enough. The integrated Krah electro-fusion will provide the possibility to joint structured wall pipes by using an easy fusion method, to create a pipe joint resistant against

• Low working pressure
• In- and exfiltration
• Root penetration
• A shorter lifetime than the rest of the
pipeline

Other big advantages are:

• Can be jointed in the trench
• Several joints can be done at the same time (super quick installation)
• No extensive training is needed
• Jointing quality is not depending on the mood of the jointer (barcode- controlled)
• One type of electro-fusion box can be used for all sizes (cost reduction)
• The electro-fusion-box can operate with 230 V AC

To make a good fusion/welding of Polyethylene (and Polypropylene) you mainly need:

• The right temperature for the material
• The right melting/welding time
• The right welding/fusion pressure

This is a triangle -party where each factor can be substituting the others, but only in a very limited way. In the butt-fusion technology or the extrusion welding procedure, the three factors are easy to determine, but with the integrated electro-fusion joint it is not too easy where and what the welding/fusion pressure is applied.

By the way: Fusion is a special variant of welding. While doing the standard welding procedure an additional welding material will be added, while in the fusion process the existing components will be heated up and they will melt together into a homogenous part. Questions many clients have had and their answers:

Why is the electrofusion joint integrated in the pipe?

No extra fitting is needed, basically the risk of a failure is reduced by 50 %, because one part is integrated in the component. A component can be a pipe, a fitting or a manhole. The risk of a wrong insertion of the spigot into the socket is not so high, because there is a physical lock at the end.

Why is the oxidation surface not scrapped of the spigot before fusion?

During the pipe production, the oxidation surface is grinded, and then covered by a film, to protect the spigot. Usually also the socket is protected against dirt by a film.
Why has the Krah wire its specific meander-form?

The main reason is to handle the tolerance issues of the large pipes, because this meander form has a spring behaviour. Another advantage is that the risk of a short circuit is minimized.
On the photo above you can see, that the spring effect of the wire is able to support a changing of the diameter/circumference, due to applied forces and temperature changes, without having any negative (tightness) effects.

How is the fusion pressure built up?

The build-up pressure for the fusion is caused by the thermal expansion of the material during the fusion process. For PE, this is around 30 percent (Capt, L. and Kamal, M.R., 2000)1. The volume will increase from 1,05 cm³/g to approx. 1,35 cm³/g.

After the melted material filled the remaining little gaps (e.g. between the not embedded wire) the building of fusion pressure is starting. The created fusion pressure is approx. 100 bar according to the diagram. The limit is reached, when the mechanical locking of the ends is not strong enough anymore to keep the pressure inside. It is important that not too much material is able to move out of the fusion area (otherwise no / low pressure).

What is the purpose of the tensile band and the tension ring, while fusion?

We learned already on the point before, that the pressure is applied by the volume expansion of the material, so the purpose of the two elements is:

• Closing the gap between socket and spigot before fusion. Here we use the Chilang procedure (basically we talk about the slow adjusting of the inner ring, so the spigot is able to creep/ expand)
• Locking the ends of the welding area
(where the material is not melted), so the material can´t move away (like
in butt-welding) – so a kind of a
melting pocket will be produced.

The two elements or better two tools are:
A tensile chain with a wrench from the outside, this tool is compressing the socket (FC), it will be mainly adjusted during the fusion procedure.

The tensile chain also helps to reduce/limit the possibility that the socket-diameters expands. The position of the chain is on the outer side of the welding area. An inside tension ring (is not only a support ring), with screws from the inside, this tool is expanding (FE) the spigot, it will be mainly adjusted before the fusion/welding procedure. The position of this tool is close the visible jointing gap of the pipes

Why is the electrofusion wire not embedded and held by anchors?

The not embedded wire has the advantage that both sides (the surface of the socket and spigot) are heated up equally and the heat is distributed in both ways in the same way. The main reason of using anchors was for it to keep the wire on the right position when the material is melted around, and the slightly conical socket/spigot design and the applied pressure is designed to secure the wire in place. Thus, the end of the anchor is in the “not melted” area of the joint.

Extensive test have shown that the material is melted approx. 6 mm around the wire.

 

Why are there no welding seams visible inside and outside of the pipe?

Compared to the butt-fusion process, the melted material can not be pressed out of the fusion area, and don´t need to be cut off later, to keep the hydraulic capacity of the pipe.

Only little melt could be seen in the outside gap of the socket, it is a sign that the fusion pressure was even higher than the locking pressure and also the temperature/viscosity was ok (melted).

How can the fusion quality be checked and reported?

Quality control can and should happen in several ways:

• Visual check of the jointing
• Automated generated fusion report produced by the electro-fusion box. Here the main value is the used Energy (Photo of a test result above)Using a pneumatic jointing test machine - this test can only check the tightness and can not replace the total working pressure test..
• Filling the pipeline with water or air (and apply the needed testing pressure), according to EN1610.

What is the largest diameter of a pipe, where integrated electro-fusion has been used?

Until today, the largest pipeline, I saw jointed was DN/ID3500, the total length was 1 km, with many manholes – also jointed by the integrated electro-fusion joint.

What is the time for the fusion?

The electrofusion time is depending on the pipe diameter and the number of wire-strings are used.

Here is a table with the standard value, for selected diameters. These parameters are determined with a PE 100 Material from basell or Borealis. Should a different material may be used, the parameters are to adapt. Depending on the outside temperature, a pre-heating period can be added.
*These parameters are interpolated and must be tested before they are used on the site.
After the successful fusion time, a cooling downtime of approx. 30-45 minutes, according to outside temperature, should be taken before moving the last jointed pipe or backfilling.

How are pipe tolerances handled in large sizes?

The big advantages of flexible pipe system made of a thermoplastic material like Polyethylene is a disadvantage in tolerances.

Possible existing ovality, can be pressed round again (Chillang-procedure)
Possible existing gaps, can be eliminated by expansion of the spigot and compression of the socket (Chillang procedure)
The pipe spigot can/is machined to match the socket geometry.

How is the stiffness defined for the electro-fusion joint?

The stiffness of the socket/spigot combination should have minimum the same stiffness than the pipe.
Clamped beam, and stiffness of the welded socket/spigot end construction and reference to standard.

What is the maximum pressure the Krah integrated electro-fusion can take?

Basically, the integrated Krah electro-fusion joint is designed for “low pressure” only. But what does “low pressure” mean? The answer is not that easy but can be calculated. Basically, the answer is depending on the pipe diameter and the water-way wall thickness (needed to resist a certain working- pressure). If you know the solid wall thickness of this, you can divide it by two (because the stress in axial direction is 50% of the stress in radial direction), e.g. the solid waterway wall needed for a specific pipe is 50 mm. The length of the integrated electrofusion joint welded is 60mm * Krah-Safety reduction factor of 0,8 – the useable length is 48 mm.

The usable length 48 mm is large than the needed length of 25 mm (50 mm / 2 mm) -> the electro fusion joint will handle the working pressure. (but the socket and spigot wall-thicknesses should be accordingly). Another positive aspect is that the outside surface of Krah pipes are not smooth, so – the pipe is a kind of anchored in the ground/soil – which will reduce the axial stress in the joint.

Can Polypropylene be welded with the same procedure like Polyethylene?

Basically yes, but the “welding window” is smaller than with Polyethylene, also the thermal expansion of the material is not so high (so less fusion pressure is built up). The viscosity of polypropylene is also lower than polyethylene, which will make a proper fusion more difficult. But clearly, we prefer to use Polyethylene instead of Polypropylene.
Hoping the insides of the integrated electro-fusion joint is clearer, in case you have any additional question – do not hesitate to contact us.

Dr. Alexander Krah / CEO Krah GmbH

1) Capt, L. and Kamal, M.R.: The pressure-volume-temperature behaviour Polyethylene melts, 2000; Intern. Polymer processing XV, Hanser Publishers, Munich.

For more than 30 years, Krah has been selling the production technology to many customers around the world, for them to produce locally. This sounds very “green” and ESG-conform, and yes - we have been doing this for long. We are selling production technology including the complete Know-How to people around the world, so that they can produce locally and they don´t need to import from others. Today, we would say that we reduced our CO2-footprint of transportation, but we gave our customers the possibility to employ people and to grow the economy. Also, we have been teaching them for years how they can reduce the material (to be more competitive against e.g. concrete pipes) but also to reduce material (first reduce, then re-use and then recycle – we have been preaching this for long). Basically, we also followed the concept of 3D-printing (in a wide view), we use PE-granule and produce exactly the shape of the pipe the customer wants. Great, for many years we were ahead of all mega-trends, but it seems we were not so successful in promoting it in the right way.

But some countries/clients could be convinced, such as South Africa, Argentina, Chile, Egypt, Australia, New Zealand, India and many more! If you want to have names of the local producers, please contact us and we will be glad to provide the information to you. If you can´t find a production facility close to you but you’d like to produce by yourself please contact us, too (to speak in the Agenda 2030 words – we don´t want leave anyone behind).

But know, we can happily say, we did nothing wrong, we have a good product and we are following the trends.

Dr. Alexander Krah / CEO Krah GmbH

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7641 islands in the western Pacific Ocean. The country belongs to Southeast Asia and is the fifth largest island state in the world in terms of area. The thirteenth largest country in the world has around 110 million inhabitants, consisting of dozens of different ethnic groups and cultures. The main city of the Philippines is Manila, located on the main island of Luzon in eastern Manila Bay. Together with 16 other cities and municipalities, Manila forms the 636 square kilometer Metro Manila region. The majority of Manila‘s inhabitants live in coastal areas that are less than 10 meters above sea level. This makes Manila the megacity most threatened by climate change in the world, as the sea level there has risen by 80 cm since 1967. This is due to the fact that the terrain is sinking sharply as a result of water extraction and building development. The city of Marikina is located in the north of the capital region. The city is characterized by the lowlands in the southeast and the mountainous foothills of the Sierra Madre, the longest mountain range in the Philippines, in the northeast.

Lowering the pipe into the trench

Natural Disasters: A constant threat
Geographically, the Philippines is part of the „Ring of Fire“, a belt running around the Pacific Ocean that is frequently affected by typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. The country is located in a seismically active zone and the more than 36,000 km long coastline and the humid climate make it one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. No other country in the world is exposed to tropical storms as often as the Philippines, which has cost thousands of people their lives in the past. According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), around 80 typhoons develop over tropical waters every year, with around 19 of them reaching the region around the Philippine archipelago.

How can Krah help here?
According to Maplecroft (2015), the Philippines is one of the countries most at risk from climate change. The Heat Stress Index, one of 20 indices published as part of the 2016 Climate Change and Environmental Risk Analytics, shows that economies such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines could be up to a quarter less productive than they are today within a generation. For these reasons, it is very important that drainage facilities are installed throughout the land to protect it from flooding.

The Marikina-Sumulong Drainage Project
A project to install new pipes for a drainage system is presented in this report. The project is being carried out by Krah Asia Inc., a company that manufactures large-diameter plastic pipes on Krah machines made in Germany. These pipes can be welded safely and 100% tightly using electrofusion thanks to the integration of a fusion wire. The Marikina-Sumulong Drainage Project aims to mitigate flooding and enhance stormwater management in the Marikina and Sumulong areas. By improving drainage systems, the project seeks to minimize flood risks, increase infrastructure resilience, and support sustainable urban development. The initiative aligns with goals of environmental protection, preventing soil erosion, and ensuring the safety of residents by reducing flood-related hazards. Through effective drainage solutions, the project contributes to a more resilient and sustainable community in the face of heavy rainfall and storm events. The project is now intended to compensate for the poor planning of previous years and provide a good solution for a flood-proof area. The goal is to create an intersection between the creek and the Marikina river and to redirect a big volume of water in case of heavy rain or floods, to protect the area. This project is unique to date and presented us with a number of challenges. One big one was that the rainy season starts in July, so there wasn‘t a lot of time from planning to production to implementation. Another difficulty was the location of the project, as the pipes had to be laid on one of Marikina‘s main roads, the „Sumulong Highway“.

Calculating the project needs
For the pipe design, ASTM F894 was used, but in metric dimensions. So, the pipes had a structural calculation based on ASTM F894, backed up with the German ATV-DVWK-A-127 approach, because the project conditions are not standard. The flow rate was set at: Q= 26 m³/sec (95% full, gradient 0.009 %). The entire project is to have a total length of 1 km - from the mouth (river) to Balanti/ Sapang baho creek. The spigot / socket is conical to facilitate the connection and create a better welding contact surface. At the beginning of the project, thoughts were given to which material and which way of laying the pipes would be the most appropriate and best solution. In the end, Krah plastic pipes were chosen because they have significant advantages over other materials. The alternatives were, for example, conventional, cast-in-place or prefabricated RCBC box culverts and concrete pipes. These were ruled out because pipes of this size are not available. Also, this would result in very slow installation, which would cause a traffic disaster as this is a very busy road. Another problem would be that a very wide space would be needed, which would also lead to traffic chaos. Another minus with this type of implementation would be that the hydraulic flow rate is much lower than with the method chosen at the end: the Krah pipes. In addition, the abrasion resistance of concrete pipes would be much lower than that of the Krah pipe, as a lot of scrap and hard components are expected. The cleaning aspect/maintenance costs were also a significant factor in deciding in favour of Krah pipes in the end.

Production and installation
After Krah Asia Inc. was awarded the contract for this project, the production of the pipes could begin. The pipes were produced on a Krah KR800-max machine at the plant in Cavite, Philippines. A special project-specific wall design was chosen for this project, as the standard profiles were not suitable for this application. The pipe weight per pipe was approx. 3.2 tons (length 5.8m plus socket and spigot end), the pipes were produced in multiple layers, co-extruded (for ease of inspection), with integrated electrofusion wire. If the core pipe 110 is available, the pipe weight can even be reduced by approx. 10%. The production time of one pipe was 4 hours and the material used was PE100 material BorSafe™ HE3490-LS. BorSafe™ HE3490-LS-HP is a bimodal polyethylene compound produced by the advanced Borstar technology. The product is a high-density polyethylene compound in pellet form and contains a combination of stabilizers and carbon black to ensure a reliable long-term stability and UV-resistance.

Overcoming installation challenges
Due to the low weight of the pipes, a small truck with a special trailer could be used to transport the pipes to the construction site. It was not planned to install any support rings to hold the diameter, so a virtue had to be made of necessity - the pre-bent pipes were installed with a 90° turn so that a negative deflection was achieved during installation. There were a few special features that had to be taken into account when installing the pipes. A narrow, short trench had to be dug with a maximum length of 15 meters due to the heavy traffic on the road. A bedding was then used to prepare the trench for laying the pipes. The maximum depth of the trench was allowed to be 7 meters and the partially low groundwater situation due to the proximity to the Marikina River caused some concerns in advance. Another problem was that the trench was very close to the foundations of mid-rise buildings, which meant that special care had to be taken when installing the pipes. Contrary to all concerns, however, the laying of the pipes went smoothly, so that work on joining the pipes could begin quickly. The pipes were welded together using the well-known and proven Krah jointing technology. For this purpose, electric wires were integrated into the pipe during production so that they could be heated on site using an e-box and joined with the other pipe. After many tests beforehand, two wire strings (top and bottom) were used. Two Krah E-Box23+ (230VAC) were used for electrofusion, powered by two diesel generators. Due to the narrow trench, welding was carried out from the inside of the pipe. It can be said that in the future it is being considered to perhaps carry out both from the inside - it is easier if the pre-bend of the pipe does not match the position of the e-welded joint - so correct positioning is particularly important here.

Eliminating gaps by special welding
Due to the special process, simultaneous welding was possible here. This can be explained by the fact that the main effect here is on the expansion forces and not on the compression forces. In retrospect, it can be said that it would have been much better to use 4 strings here. This is because less tension/energy could be used here due to the resistance of the wire - and the welding time would also be shorter (but neither of these is decisive in this project). According to the ASTM F894 standard, the socket and spigot tolerances for a PE pipe may only be 1%. In this case, that would be 35 mm. This would make welding impossible - so what could be done? In the end, the sum of the tolerances results in a gap at the apex or sides of the pipe. To eliminate the gap, the Chillang procedure was used here. To eliminate the gap, the correct time [t] and temperature [K] were used.) The figure shows the expansion force [FE] in red and the compression force [FC] in blue. From the outside, a strong flashlight was used to apply light and detect the gap. From the inside, the gaps were visually scanned and localized. Then the elimination of the gaps was started.

The tulip effect
Additional „bulges“ at the sleeve ends could create a false image. But how do these bulges occur? These are due to the behaviour of the pipe ends of „radially extruded“ (Krah pipe) as opposed to „axially extruded“ PE pipes. The main reason for this is the principle of cooling and the frozen stresses inside the pipe wall. This effect mainly occurs on the socket side (with Krah pipes), as the spigot end is conically machined. This can be irritating at first, as the gap looks very large when viewed from the outside. The German word for this is „Auftulpung“ - as the end looks like a „tulip flower“ / „tulip effect“.The local authority‘s regulation was that a manhole must be installed every 4 pipes. This should be arranged tangentially. The connection of the pipe to the fitting and the manhole (in height) was again secured by E-Fusion. Inside the manhole, a standard removable ladder was used - also to maintain the hydraulic capacity. The cover of the manhole is a concrete ring with standard parts, and the ring is placed not only on the „PE“-manhole but also on the surrounding soil, so that the load is also transferred to the soil. At the end, the manhole cover is embedded in the road with standard metal parts and a standard concrete ring. All parts of the manhole were produced using standard tools (mostly with wooden blades) and welded together using various extrusion welding machines. The rod (black and yellow) was made from the same material as the tube on a Krah welding rod production machine to ensure a homogeneous weld. The manhole is connected in the same way as all other pipes using the same electrofusion system. During the backfilling of the manhole, the customer wanted an 800 mm long inlet in the manhole. Due to the material properties, a DN/ID 800 mm inlet (solid wall pipe) was welded in within a very short time. Here, as always, the customer‘s wishes are the top priority. There were still some minor problems with the further installation of the pipes, but these were easily solved. For example, the first pipes, which had been stored for a long time and whose roundness was not supported, were now slightly bent. Here the pipes were turned 90° before installation so that the pre-bend could be used to our advantage.

Backfilling of the trench
The backfilling of the pipes began immediately after installation and welding. As the trench was very narrow, this was carried out using vibro-compaction. Vibroflotation, also known as vibrocompaction, is a soil improvement technique used to increase the density of loose, granular soils. Here‘s how it works: A vibroflot is inserted vertically into the soil. The Vibroflot generates vibrations that cause the surrounding soil particles to rearrange themselves and settle better. As the Vibroflot is gradually withdrawn, the aggregate particles settle and the soil becomes more compacted, reducing the voids between the particles.  After this, the sheet piles were removed. Generally, a layer of lean concrete is applied directly after backfilling before the asphalt is applied. The asphalt was then applied in order to reopen the road to traffic as soon as possible.

This project report is a good example of how Krah pipes can be laid and the problems that can arise. These are briefly summarized here to give a good overview. The first major problem was the pre-bending of the pipes (due to the lack of support rings) - the solution was to simply twist the pipes by 90°. Even with high pre-bending, the hydraulic power is correctly designed and therefore does not lead to any problems.

Chillang process and vibro-compaction
Then there was the problem with the tolerances in the pipe diameter - these were large enough to join the pipes and small enough to weld them together. The solution here was the Chillang process, which was explained earlier. The compaction of narrow trenches was carried out using vibro-compaction, which turned out to be the ideal solution. We were able to give our partner in the Philippines a few more suggestions for the next project. For example, we were able to provide solutions for joining concrete with plastic, as this has long been possible in Europe. Integrating HDPE sewer pipes with old sewer lines is a challenge due to the different material properties, joining methods and construction specifications.

Ensuring material compatibility is critical to prevent degradation, and adapting jointing methods to the transition between HDPE and the existing materials is necessary for a secure connection. To maintain structural integrity and prevent blockages, differences in pipe diameter and design must be addressed and well-supported transition areas created. To overcome these challenges and achieve successful and compliant integration of HDPE sewer pipes into older infrastructure, professional technical expertise is essential. In our opinion, the distance between the shafts can also be longer, which could save shafts in the next project. When designing the manhole, inlets should be planned earlier so that they can be better pre-constructed and do not have to be worked on at the construction site.

Summary
In summary, our Krah pipes convinced the local operator that they were the right choice for this project due to the availability of the pipe, ease of handling, reliability, long service life, low maintenance costs, quick installation and low overall investment costs. The long service life of the pipes will also reduce the total cost of ownership. Thanks to a good technical support team, Krah Asia Inc. has managed to complete a wonderful project that everyone is happy with. We can say with a clear conscience that with these plastic pipes we have once again contributed to making the world a better and more sustainable place.

Dr. Alexander Krah / CEO Krah GmbH
Jenny Krämer / Marketing Krah GmbH

It is imperative to recognize the profound impact that plastic pipes have had on modern infrastructure and everyday life. From revolutionizing plumbing systems to enhancing infrastructure worldwide, plastic pipes have played a pivotal role in shaping our modern world.

As we stand on the cusp of further innovations and possibilities, it is essential to appreciate their historical contributions and future potential.

The Unsung Heroes of Fluid Dynamics
Plastic piping systems, often overlooked in the grandeur of engineering marvels, have left an indelible mark on modern infrastructure. These unsung heroes, crafted with durability against corrosion, lightweight flexibility, and ease of installation, are integral to the fluid dynamics that sustain our daily lives. They serve as conduits of innovation, managing the symphony of gases, the dance of chemicals, and the flow of water with remarkable efficiency. Their versatility and reliability have made them indispensable in reshaping the blueprint of fluid flow management.

Dispelling Misconceptions
A common misconception is that plastic pipe systems are akin to short-lived, single-use plastics. This could not be further from the truth. Plastic pipes are engineered products designed for longevity and strength. Unlike single-use plastics, they provide essential services for at least 100 years, contributing to environmental sustainability. At the end of their lifecycle, plastic pipes can be recycled into new pipes, demonstrating a true circular economy in action.

Economic Landscape
The financial trajectory of the plastic pipes market is a testament to their growing importance. From 2018 to 2023, the global market for plastic pipes expanded at a commendable CAGR of 3.9%. This growth is projected to continue, with market value expected to rise from USD 37.34 billion in 2023 to an impressive USD 63.78 billion by 2034. This expansion is driven by increasing demand across various sectors, including water treatment, construction, and irrigation.

Innovations on the Horizon
The year 2024 promises a wave of advancements in plastic pipe technology that will elevate performance, durability, and sustainability to new heights. Key innovations include:

• High-Strength Plastic Pipes: Advances in polymer formulations and manufacturing techniques are leading to plastic pipes with unparalleled strength properties, suitable for a wide range of applications.
• Composite Plastic Pipes: The rise of composite plastic pipes, which blend different materials, is optimizing performance and resilience, ensuring longevity even in adverse conditions.
• Enhanced Resistance: Plastic pipes fortified with advanced engineering plastics are exhibiting superior resistance to chemicals and corrosion, promising longer lifespans and reduced maintenance needs.
• Smart Technologies Integration: Imagine plastic pipes equipped with sensors that monitor flow rates, detect leaks, and provide real-time data on system conditions. This integration heralds a new era of proactive maintenance and efficiency.
• Anti-Microbial Properties: To enhance hygiene and safety, plastic pipes are being manufactured with anti-microbial properties. These inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, ensuring a cleaner and healthier water supply.

Highlighting HDPE Pipes
Among the myriad of plastic pipes, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) stands out for their remarkable qualities:

Unparalleled strength, flexibility, and resistance to corrosion, chemicals, and abrasion, HDPE pipes are synonymous with durability and reliability. Their adaptability makes them ideal for a variety of applications, from water supply to industrial usage.

Conclusion
As we celebrate the rapid advancements and emerging technologies in plastic piping, we pave the way for a future where innovation knows no bounds. The contributions of plastic pipes to modern infrastructure are monumental, and their potential for future advancements is limitless. By embracing these innovations, we can ensure a sustainable, efficient, and resilient infrastructure for generations to come.

Ramesh Parasuraman
Managing Director of Allied Solutions

Mr. Parasuraman has been our Indian representative for many years and was elected as President of Society of Plastic engineers, India (SPE) from 2021 to 2023.