Vulnerability in materials in sewage systems
This essay focuses on three central questions:
- What are the most common damages happening to pipes in waste water systems?
- By which factors are such damages caused?
- Which material is especially weak or strong in resistance against certain damages?
The advantages of pipe-materials and the needs of a proper sewage system are well known. Less highlighted are usually the disadvantages of materials or the most frequent damages occurring. This overview shall present these in three pinpointed questions and answers.

In this year 2013 a new record was made in Lima, Peru. Polyethylene pipes DN/ID 3000 were used for a deep water outfall pipeline. The polyethylene pipes were produced according to the Krah-Technology in Spain by PPA&Krah, Vitoria. PPA&Krah had already a lot of successful installed large outfall pipelines in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. One of the challenges in this Project was to open a new site for the Krah Large Pipe Technology – The Pacific Ocean.